Chemistry Statistics

Measured as a whole planet, Earth is an iron world: iron makes up 32.1% of its total mass, narrowly ahead of oxygen at 3...

Venus's atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide and 3.5% nitrogen, a composition broadly similar to Mars yet with dramaticall...

Mars's atmosphere is overwhelmingly carbon dioxide (about 95%), a stark contrast to Earth's nitrogen-oxygen mixture. Nit...

Uranium is the heaviest naturally occurring element in significant quantity, with an atomic mass near 238, followed clos...

The 'rare earth' label is misleading. Cerium, the most abundant, occurs at 66.5 ppm in Earth's crust, making it more com...

Chlorine (19.4 g/L) and sodium (10.8 g/L) overwhelmingly dominate the dissolved content of seawater, together forming th...

Radon is the densest elemental gas at 9.73 g/L, roughly eight times denser than air and more than 100 times denser than...

Hydrogen melts at -259.16 C, the lowest of any element that solidifies at ordinary pressure; helium, which never freezes...

Helium requires the most energy to ionize, 2,372 kJ/mol, because its two electrons occupy a compact, fully filled shell...

Fluorine tops the Pauling scale at 3.98, making it the most electronegative element and the benchmark against which the...

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust at 8.23% by mass, followed by iron at 5.63%. Together these two me...

Silver is the best electrical conductor at 63.0 MS/m, just ahead of copper at 59.6 MS/m. Despite silver's slight edge, c...

Silver conducts heat best of all metals at 429 W/m-K, narrowly ahead of copper (401 W/m-K). Because silver is expensive,...

Lithium is the lightest metal at just 0.534 g/cm3, roughly half the density of water, which is why it floats. The three...

Tungsten tops the list at 3,414 C, the highest melting point of any metal, more than 200 degrees above second-placed rhe...

Osmium (22.59 g/cm3) and iridium (22.56 g/cm3) are the densest elements known, so close that historically it was dispute...

Earth's dry air is overwhelmingly nitrogen (78.09%) and oxygen (20.95%), which together make up 99.04% of the atmosphere...

The human body is built from remarkably few elements. Oxygen alone accounts for 65% of body mass, largely because the bo...

The universe is almost entirely hydrogen (73.97%) and helium (24.02%), which together account for about 98% of all ordin...

Oxygen dominates Earth's crust at 46.1% by mass, and together with silicon (28.2%) the two elements make up about 74% of...